AP Biology: Chapter 52 Reading Guide. 37 terms. powersm15. Preview. AP Bio - Chapter 55 Reading Guide Answers. 50 terms. Yulissa_Trujillo. Preview. Senior Final Salon Ecology . 15 terms. Kayla_Gibson-Guss7. Preview. Grape Growth and Development. 16 terms. jordanpipia. Preview. Chapter 19 - Community Succession.Are you curious about what the future holds? Do you find yourself constantly turning to astrology for guidance and insight? If so, you’re not alone. Many people seek solace and ans...Genes determine primary structure and a chaperone protein helps the polypeptide fold correctly. 1) Certain amino acids may be chemically modified by the attachment of sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, or other additions. 2) Enzymes may remove one or more amino acids from the leading end of the polypeptide chain.AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw ... Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics. For other students, this may be your first ... 22. … Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life. Surface and groundwater flow can return water to the oceans, completing the water cycle. The oceans contain 97% of the water in the biosphere. Approximately 2% is bound in glaciers and polar ice caps, and the remaining 1% is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater, with a negligible amount in the atmosphere. Describe the carbon cycle. 3. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. First, the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, occurred. Second, these small molecules joined into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Third, these molecules were packaged into protocells ... You will see that plants have a life cycle that involves spores, which form as. a result of meiosis, so these spores are haploid. Notice also that both haploid and diploid cells. can. divide. by. mitosis. However, meiosis.AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 1. What are the two chemical components of chromosomes? The two chemical components of chromosomes are DNA and protein. ... Given that the DNA of a certain fly species consists of 27.3% adenine and 22.5% …The Ap bio chapter 26 reading guide provides a comprehensive summary of the key concepts and topics covered in the chapter. This guide aims to help students understand the main ideas presented in the chapter and assist in their preparation for tests and exams. The reading guide starts with an introduction to the topic of phylogeny, which is the ...the end of this Reading Guide. 18. In a population of plants, 64% exhibit the dominant flower color (red), and 36% of the plants have white flowers. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? (There are a couple of twists in this problem, so read and think carefully. A complete solution for this problem is at the end of this Reading Guide.)MacOS: I quit a lot of conversational podcasts early. They get boring for a few minutes, I try hunting for the next good bit with 30-second skips, and I give up and delete the epis...The Ap bio chapter 26 reading guide provides a comprehensive summary of the key concepts and topics covered in the chapter. This guide aims to help students understand the main ideas presented in the chapter and assist in their preparation for tests and exams. The reading guide starts with an introduction to the topic of phylogeny, which is the ...In the approach to systematics called cladistics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. Using this methodology, biologists attempt to place species into groups called clades, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Clades, like taxonomic ranks, are nested within larger clades. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was born in western England. As a boy, he developed a consuming interest in nature. When Darwin was 16, his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin left Edinburgh without a degree and enrolled at Cambridge University with the intent of becoming a clergyman. notes on chapters 22-26 in the book chapter notes ap biology chapter 22: descent with modification: darwinian view of life darwin general information born in. Skip to document. University; High School. ... AP Biology Study Guide 1. AP Biology. Class notes. 100% (24) 5. AP Bio Unit 1 - Full notes on AP BIO Unit 1. AP Biology. Class notes. 100% ...When you set up your wireless connection, the router or device that enables the connection is called an access point. The AP name is the name by which other devices list your wirel...Chapter 7 adapted from miriello sharp ap biology chapter guided reading assignment name what does selective permeability mean and why is that important to. Skip to document. University; High School. Books; Discovery. ... AP Biology Study Guide 1. AP Biology. Class notes. 100% (24) 5. AP Bio Unit 1 - Full notes on AP BIO Unit 1. AP …Jul 29, 2019 · OpenStax Reading Guides. I use Openstax Biology 2e as a textbook for my AP Bio and dual credit class. Students can download this text for free, view it on their devices and print it out. You can even purchase a bound copy from Amazon for around $60, which is very reasonable for a textbook. This is the book I use with my AP Biology / SLU Dual ... 1. Define metabolism. Metabolism (from the Greek metabole, change) is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions and is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interaction between molecules. As a whole, metabolism manages the material and energy resources of a cell through metabolic pathways. 2.1. What are the two ways that metabolic control can occur within bacteria? Regulation of enzyme activity, and regulation of enzyme production. 2. What is the key advantage of grouping genes of related function in to one transcription unit? An "on-off" switch can control a whole cluster of related genes. 3.AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 43: Immune System 1. Briefly explain the six steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell. First, pseudopodia surround the microbes. Second, the microbes are engulfed into a cell. Third, a vacuole containing theStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF LIFE: 1 and more.large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time. Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring. the existence of biological barriers that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring. the offspring of crosses between different species. (sperm and egg ...27. Explain what is happening in the cell at each step of an intracellular receptor pathway. 1. The steroid hormone testosterone passes through the plasma membrane. 2. Testosterone binds to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm, activating it. 3. The hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to specific genes. 4.In today’s fast-paced world, finding time to sit down and read an entire book from cover to cover can be quite challenging. However, this doesn’t mean that you have to miss out on ...process by which a cell or group of cells becomes specialized in structure and function. morphogenesis. development of the form of an organism and its structures. induction. process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually causing changes in gene expression. tissue specific proteins.AP Biology - Chapters 22-25: Evolution. Get a hint. Adaptive radiation. Click the card to flip 👆. the emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and challenges. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 84.Biology Mid-Year Exam Study Guide. 61 terms. laidleykynamelrose. Preview. relationship between biology and culture. Teacher 12 terms. quizlette773683138. ... AP Biology - Chapter 1 & 2 (Part 2) 12 terms. TienGold1. Preview. Biology 102~Lecture 6 Study Guide. 21 terms. maylaay3. Preview. biology chapter 41. 84 terms. j_stapleton809.Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism. Concept 8 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics. Define metabolism. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic. a.Terms in this set (28) Define evolution broadly and then give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview. Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones. Evolution is also defined as the change in the genetic composition of a population from ...In the approach to systematics called cladistics, common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. Using this methodology, biologists attempt to place species into groups called clades, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. Clades, like taxonomic ranks, are nested within larger clades.Ob 3: Environmental resources are limited. Inf 1: Production of more individuals than a place can support causes struggle for resources. Ob 4: Individuals of a population vary. Ob 5: Much of variation is heritable. Inf 2: Individuals with good inherited traits survive best.Explain the two types of barriers that maintain reproductive isolation. Prezygotic barriers (before the zygote) block fertilization from occurring. Postzygotic barriers (after the zygote) prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a. viable, fertile adult. Habitat isolation (Pre) Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area ...Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life. As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas and understand the reasoning that is being described. In some places, the text describes a narrative or story of events that led to Darwin’s theory of evolution.1. A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis. 2. A theory is general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses. 3. A theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The seven properties of life, Example of evolutionary adaptation, Example of ...The reading guide answers for chapter 15 shed light on the processes involved in gene expression, such as transcription and translation. They explain the role of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in the production of specific proteins. Additionally, the answers delve into the regulation of gene expression, highlighting the crucial role of ... An alcohol; each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group. Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length. The carbon at one end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the name. the rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain. Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! A$AP Rocky awaits his verdict. The American rapper, whose real name is Rakim Meyers, was detained and charged with assau... AP Biology Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Reading Guide – ANSWER KEY 1. As a review, define the terms autotroph and heterotroph. Keep in mind that plants have mitochondria and chloroplasts and do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis! Autotrophs are 3.8-4.0 billion years. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. Summarize them. 1. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers. 2. Polymer formation. 3.Explain the "rain shadow" effect. When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air expands and cools as it rises, forming clouds and releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends absorbing moisture, making it very dry. The resulting dry patch of land is the effect of the "rain shadow".1) movement of DNA within genome 2) amplification of proto-oncogenes 3) point mutations in proto-oncogene. Describe the negative effects of a mutated p53 gene. 1) DNA cannot be repaired 2) cancer forms. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like All genes are not "on" all the time.Chapter 20 Active Reading Guide: Phylogeny. 20 terms. Blair_Kaitlyn. Preview. ap biology - chapter 26 phylogeny and the tree of life. 24 terms. onifarny. Preview. jkjk. 86 terms. izzie419. Preview. med calc memorizations . ... ATCC Biology Chapter 14 ("Population") terms. 34 terms. emilyeharste. Preview. biology II exam 1. 42 terms.biogeochemical cycle. Any of the various chemical cycles that involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Ecosystem, through sunlight, converted to chemical energy by autotrophs and then transferred to heterotrophs with organic compounds and more.Chapter 14 of AP Biology focuses on Mendelian Genetics, exploring how traits are inherited through the work of Gregor Mendel. The reading guide is designed to help you grasp important concepts such as alleles, Punnett squares, and inheritance patterns. By providing you with the answers, we aim to assist you in consolidating your understanding ... large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time. Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring. the existence of biological barriers that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring. the offspring of crosses between different species. (sperm and egg ... the end of this Reading Guide. 18. In a population of plants, 64% exhibit the dominant flower color (red), and 36% of the plants have white flowers. What is the frequency of the …AP Biology Name: P: Chapter 19 Reading Guide: Descent with Modification-A Darwinian View of Life. How to use this reading guide: Look over the entire reading guide—read each question to prepare yourself for reading the chapter. Read the chapter carefully and thoroughly. Make sure to look at all of the figures and pictures and read their captions.Exercise 3. At Quizlet, we’re giving you the tools you need to take on any subject without having to carry around solutions manuals or printing out PDFs! Now, with expert-verified solutions from Campbell Biology 12th Edition, you’ll learn how to solve your toughest homework problems. Our resource for Campbell Biology includes answers to ...Mar 08, 2018. Hardcover: ISBN-13: 978-1-947172-40-1. Digital: ISBN-13: 978-1-947172-41-8. License: by OpenStax is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0. Study AP Biology online for free by downloading OpenStax's Biology for AP Courses textbook and using our accompanying AP study notes.AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life 9. Give two examples of adaptations. Adaptations such as a butterfly’s wing or a shark’s teeth are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance theirIn today’s fast-paced world, finding the time to read an entire book can be a challenge. However, that doesn’t mean you have to miss out on the knowledge and insights that books of...MacOS: I quit a lot of conversational podcasts early. They get boring for a few minutes, I try hunting for the next good bit with 30-second skips, and I give up and delete the epis...Chapter 22 AP Biology Reading Guide Answers: Overview. In Chapter 22 of the AP Biology reading guide, we explore the topic of descent with modification and how it leads to the formation of new species over time through the process of natural selection. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of evolutionary change, including mutation, genetic ...What is your binomial and what does it mean? Homo-sapiens and wiseman. What are 2 components of every binomial? genus and species. K.P.C.O.F.G.S. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Which are more closely related, organisms in the phylum or those in the same order? same order.Give one example of signal for apoptosis coming from outside the cell, and two from inside the cell. Out: death signaling molecule reactions with protein and activates Ced-9. IN1: Leaking form mitochondria. IN2: ER due to excessive missfolding of proteins. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a signal ...AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth 22. 23. Summarize three lines of evidence that support the model of endosymbiosis. have khe;r own /ar to have can DMA Use the clock model to note the following events in the life of the planet: origin-offhe.EaHh,Explain the "rain shadow" effect. When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air expands and cools as it rises, forming clouds and releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends absorbing moisture, making it very dry. The resulting dry patch of land is the effect of the "rain shadow".Mar 08, 2018. Hardcover: ISBN-13: 978-1-947172-40-1. Digital: ISBN-13: 978-1-947172-41-8. License: by OpenStax is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0. Study AP Biology online for free by downloading OpenStax's Biology for AP Courses textbook and using our accompanying AP study notes.OpenStax Reading Guides. I use Openstax Biology 2e as a textbook for my AP Bio and dual credit class. Students can download this text for free, view it on their devices and print it out. You can even purchase a bound copy from Amazon for around $60, which is very reasonable for a textbook. This is the book I use with my AP Biology / SLU Dual ...Give one example of signal for apoptosis coming from outside the cell, and two from inside the cell. Out: death signaling molecule reactions with protein and activates Ced-9. IN1: Leaking form mitochondria. IN2: ER due to excessive missfolding of proteins. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a signal ...As a parent, you may have heard about the Accelerated Reader (AR) program and the importance of AR reading tests for your child’s reading development. One common concern among pare...Gamete from gametophyte and gamete from other gametophyte go through fertilization. 3. Produces zygote, now diploid. 4. Becomes sporophyte. (Alternation of generations) 5. Goes through meiosis to produce spores. Life cycle of a moss.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF LIFE: 1 and more.The Ap bio chapter 26 reading guide provides a comprehensive summary of the key concepts and topics covered in the chapter. This guide aims to help students understand the main ideas presented in the chapter and assist in their preparation for tests and exams. The reading guide starts with an introduction to the topic of phylogeny, which is the ...Compare and Contrast 2 of the following groups: mosses, ferns, algae, gymnosperms, or angiosperms. Angiosperms are enclosed inside an ovary, gymnosperms are not enclosed. Angiosperms are seasonal, and gymnosperms are evergreen. Both angiosperms are apart of kingdom Plantae, and both have a domain of Eukarya. Chapter 22 Study Guide Answers Learn ...Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life.In today’s digital age, websites have become an essential part of our lives. From shopping to entertainment, almost everything can be found online. But have you ever wondered what ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like On the Origin of Species, Natural Selection, Evolutionary Adaption and more.Ob 3: Environmental resources are limited. Inf 1: Production of more individuals than a place can support causes struggle for resources. Ob 4: Individuals of a population vary. Ob 5: Much of variation is heritable. Inf 2: Individuals with good inherited traits survive best.AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter14: Mendel and the Gene Idea Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw ... Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea If you have completed a first-year high school biology course, some of this chapter will serve as a review for the basic concepts of Mendelian genetics. For other students, this may be your first ... 22. Dominant ...typical of humans and other large mammals. The middle of the S-shaped growth curve in the logistic growth model. is the period when the population growth rate is the highest. The term (K - N) / K. is zero when population size equals carrying capacity. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like chaparral, desert, savanna ...AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling 1. What is a neuron? Neurons are the nerve cells that transfer information within the body. Communication by neurons consists of long-distance electrical signals and short-distance chemical signals. 2.AP Biology Chapter 6 Reading Guide. 34 terms. Jilly12345678910. Preview. Scientific Method, Macromolecules, Diffusion, Plasma Membrane. 20 terms. blackjae. Preview. Biology Mid term 2 . ... See an expert-written answer! We have an expert-written solution to this problem! cell wall. a rigid structure outside of plasma membrane in plant made up ...AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree Of Life Conceà 262 Phylogenies are inferedfrom moqñological and molecular data Let's look back at a Study Tip from Chapter 22. This idea is repeated in our current chapter. Study Tip Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness. (whale fin, bat …Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea. 1. In the 1800s the most widely favored explanation of genetics was blending. The explanation of heredity most widely in favor during the 1800s was the “blending” hypothesis, the idea that genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend ...1. Define the following terms. A gene is a hereditary unit of coded information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). The locus is a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell; male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (eggs) unite ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The fossil record shows ___ over large time scales including the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the origin of photosynthesis, and long-term impacts of mass extinctions, ___on early Earth may have produced very simple cells through a sequence of stages, STAGES OF ORIGIN OF …Chapt. 56 reading guide. ... AP Bio - Chapter 56. 24 terms. ellie_desu. Preview. INTRO thru COMP II Exam for Ecology and Evo. 83 terms. Peyton_Mower. Preview. Generalist and Specialist Species. 19 terms. luke_driscoll22. Preview. Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology (Campbell) 35 terms. Destinyly13. Preview. AP Biology ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like evolution, Aristotle and Scala Nature, The Old Testament and more.3. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. First, the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, occurred. Second, these small molecules joined into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Third, these molecules were packaged into protocells ...
Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: Darwinian View of Life. Lecture Outline. Overview: Darwin Introduces a Revolutionary Theory. On November 24, 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.. Chaturbill payment
The Ap bio chapter 26 reading guide provides a comprehensive summary of the key concepts and topics covered in the chapter. This guide aims to help students understand the main ideas presented in the chapter and assist in their preparation for tests and exams. The reading guide starts with an introduction to the topic of phylogeny, which is the ...notes on chapters 22-26 in the book chapter notes ap biology chapter 22: descent with modification: darwinian view of life darwin general information born in. Skip to document. University; High School. ... AP Biology Study Guide 1. AP Biology. Class notes. 100% (24) 5. AP Bio Unit 1 - Full notes on AP BIO Unit 1. AP Biology. Class notes. 100% ...Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials.AP Biology Chapter 5 Section 6. 10 terms. Liam_Kelliher. Preview. Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and Function. 42 terms. wwelder00. Preview. Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation.AP Biology: Guided Readings (Campbell 7th ed.) QUARTER 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE, CELLS, AND CELLULAR ENERGETICS. Unit I: Chemistry of Life. Chapter 2 Guided Reading. Chapter 3 Guided Reading. Chapter 4 Guided Reading. Chapter 5 Guided Reading. Unit II: The Cell and Cellular Energetics. Chapter 6 Guided Reading. Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life. As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas and understand the reasoning that is being described. In some places, the text describes a narrative or story of events that led to Darwin’s theory of evolution. AP Biology Reading Guide Julia Keller 12d Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 43: Immune System 1. Briefly explain the six steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell. First, pseudopodia surround the microbes. Second, the microbes are engulfed into a cell. Third, a vacuole containing theAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name_____Period_____ Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism . Concept 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics . 1. Define . metabolism. 2.It is a gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. SRY stands for sex-determining region of Y. Sex-linked gene. A gene located on either sex chromosome. How has the term "sex-linked gene" been historically modified. It used to just refer to a gene on the X chromosome.division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis. division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. what occurs in meiosis? modified type of cell division, consisting of two rounds, but only one round of DNA replication. 46-23. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three key roles of cell division, Cell cycle ... Chapter 22 AP Biology Reading Guide Answers: Overview. In Chapter 22 of the AP Biology reading guide, we explore the topic of descent with modification and how it leads to the formation of new species over time through the process of natural selection. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of evolutionary change, including mutation, genetic ... 1. obtain engineered plasmid DNA and DNA from hummingbird cells. They hummingbird DNA contains the gene of interest. 2. cut both DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme, one that makes a single cut within the lacZ gene and many cuts within the hummingbird DNA. 3. mix the cut plasmids and DNA fragments. 3. The current theory of the origin of life suggests a sequence of four main stages. First, the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases, occurred. Second, these small molecules joined into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Third, these molecules were packaged into protocells ... .
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